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What each statistic measures, how similar measures differ, and how to interpret comparisons. Values describe conditions during administrations, not presidential causation.
How fast did the economy grow? Average Annualized Real GDP Growth measures an average quarterly growth pace.
How much did total output grow? Cumulative Real GDP Growth measures the overall inflation-adjusted change.
How much did output per person change? Real GDP per Capita Change adjusts economic output for population size. It is not household income.
Real means inflation-adjusted. Annualized quarterly growth describes a hypothetical yearly pace; it is not a full-year observation. Quarter-end and fiscal-year attribution can straddle presidential transitions.
Percentage change in the CPI-U price level from the observation preceding an administration to its final available observation. This is not the average annual inflation rate.
Source / context: Bureau of Labor Statistics (CPI-U)
Nominal monthly Treasury budget deficits summed over the specified months. Positive values indicate a deficit; negative values indicate a surplus. This is a dollar total, not a share of GDP. First and last 12-month figures require complete 12-month coverage.
Source / context: U.S. Treasury, Monthly Treasury Statement
Nominal monthly Treasury budget deficits summed over the specified months. Positive values indicate a deficit; negative values indicate a surplus. This is a dollar total, not a share of GDP. First and last 12-month figures require complete 12-month coverage.
Source / context: U.S. Treasury, Monthly Treasury Statement
Nominal monthly Treasury budget deficits summed over the specified months. Positive values indicate a deficit; negative values indicate a surplus. This is a dollar total, not a share of GDP. First and last 12-month figures require complete 12-month coverage.
Source / context: U.S. Treasury, Monthly Treasury Statement
Federal outlays minus receipts divided by nominal GDP, expressed as a percentage. Positive means deficit and negative means surplus. Starting and ending use the first and last assigned fiscal years; average is the arithmetic mean of available annual percentages, not a ratio of summed dollars. Fiscal years end September 30; transition years span administrations.
Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables 1.1 and 10.1 (actual observations through FY 2025; source edition may change with future imports)
Inflation-adjusted median U.S. household income from annual Census observations. Starting and ending reflect available annual benchmarks, not inauguration-day measurements. Dollar change and percentage change use the same benchmarks.
Source / context: U.S. Census Bureau
Inflation-adjusted median U.S. household income from annual Census observations. Starting and ending reflect available annual benchmarks, not inauguration-day measurements. Dollar change and percentage change use the same benchmarks.
Source / context: U.S. Census Bureau
Inflation-adjusted median U.S. household income from annual Census observations. Starting and ending reflect available annual benchmarks, not inauguration-day measurements. Dollar change and percentage change use the same benchmarks.
Source / context: U.S. Census Bureau
Inflation-adjusted median U.S. household income from annual Census observations. Starting and ending reflect available annual benchmarks, not inauguration-day measurements. Dollar change and percentage change use the same benchmarks.
Source / context: U.S. Census Bureau
Arithmetic average of quarterly annualized inflation-adjusted GDP growth rates assigned to the administration. Describes an average pace, NOT total growth during the presidency.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED
Annualized growth pace in the first or last assigned quarter. It is a single quarter's pace, NOT growth over the entire administration. Quarters are assigned by quarter-end.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED
Annualized growth pace in the first or last assigned quarter. It is a single quarter's pace, NOT growth over the entire administration. Quarters are assigned by quarter-end.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED
Total percentage change in inflation-adjusted U.S. economic output from the quarter before the first assigned quarter to the last assigned quarter. Unlike annualized quarterly growth, this describes the whole measured period.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED
Inflation-adjusted quarterly economic output per person at the first or last available benchmark. Not equivalent to average personal income or household income.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED A939RX0Q048SBEA
Inflation-adjusted quarterly economic output per person at the first or last available benchmark. Not equivalent to average personal income or household income.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED A939RX0Q048SBEA
Percentage change in inflation-adjusted economic output per person over the measured period. Unlike total real GDP growth, this adjusts for population size; it does not measure income distribution.
Source / context: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), via FRED A939RX0Q048SBEA
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
OMB national defense function 050 outlays. The measures respectively show inflation-adjusted annual dollars, percentage of GDP, percentage of total federal outlays, and change between first and last real annual outlays. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30.
Source / context: Office of Management and Budget Historical Tables
OMB national defense function 050 outlays. The measures respectively show inflation-adjusted annual dollars, percentage of GDP, percentage of total federal outlays, and change between first and last real annual outlays. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30.
Source / context: Office of Management and Budget Historical Tables
OMB national defense function 050 outlays. The measures respectively show inflation-adjusted annual dollars, percentage of GDP, percentage of total federal outlays, and change between first and last real annual outlays. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30.
Source / context: Office of Management and Budget Historical Tables
OMB national defense function 050 outlays. The measures respectively show inflation-adjusted annual dollars, percentage of GDP, percentage of total federal outlays, and change between first and last real annual outlays. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30.
Gallup's published historical approval summaries for completed administrations. Average, highest, lowest, and final represent different summaries and are not directly comparable to the provisional current multi-pollster snapshot.
Source / context: Gallup historical presidential approval
Gallup's published historical approval summaries for completed administrations. Average, highest, lowest, and final represent different summaries and are not directly comparable to the provisional current multi-pollster snapshot.
Source / context: Gallup historical presidential approval
Gallup's published historical approval summaries for completed administrations. Average, highest, lowest, and final represent different summaries and are not directly comparable to the provisional current multi-pollster snapshot.
Source / context: Gallup historical presidential approval
Gallup's published historical approval summaries for completed administrations. Average, highest, lowest, and final represent different summaries and are not directly comparable to the provisional current multi-pollster snapshot.
Source / context: Gallup historical presidential approval
Arithmetic average of available observations for this administration. Monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the civilian labor force age 16 and older. Units: percent; frequency: monthly. Each monthly observation is assigned to the president serving on the first day of its reference month. Averages are based on available observations. Incomplete historical coverage is disclosed. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the civilian labor force age 16 and older.
First available observation for this administration. Monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the civilian labor force age 16 and older. Units: percent; frequency: monthly. Each monthly observation is assigned to the president serving on the first day of its reference month. Averages are based on available observations. Incomplete historical coverage is disclosed. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the civilian labor force age 16 and older.
Last available observation for this administration. Monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the civilian labor force age 16 and older. Units: percent; frequency: monthly. Each monthly observation is assigned to the president serving on the first day of its reference month. Averages are based on available observations. Incomplete historical coverage is disclosed. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the civilian labor force age 16 and older.
Arithmetic average of available observations for this administration. Monthly year-over-year percentage change in the CPI-U All Items index (not seasonally adjusted). Units: %; frequency: monthly. Each monthly rate compares the CPI index with the same month 12 months earlier. The table average is the arithmetic mean of available monthly annual inflation rates, not cumulative inflation. Starting/ending are first/last observed rates within an administration. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Monthly year-over-year percentage change in the CPI-U All Items index (not seasonally adjusted).
First available observation for this administration. Monthly year-over-year percentage change in the CPI-U All Items index (not seasonally adjusted). Units: %; frequency: monthly. Each monthly rate compares the CPI index with the same month 12 months earlier. The table average is the arithmetic mean of available monthly annual inflation rates, not cumulative inflation. Starting/ending are first/last observed rates within an administration. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Monthly year-over-year percentage change in the CPI-U All Items index (not seasonally adjusted).
Last available observation for this administration. Monthly year-over-year percentage change in the CPI-U All Items index (not seasonally adjusted). Units: %; frequency: monthly. Each monthly rate compares the CPI index with the same month 12 months earlier. The table average is the arithmetic mean of available monthly annual inflation rates, not cumulative inflation. Starting/ending are first/last observed rates within an administration. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Monthly year-over-year percentage change in the CPI-U All Items index (not seasonally adjusted).
Federal outlays minus receipts divided by nominal GDP, expressed as a percentage. Positive means deficit and negative means surplus. Starting and ending use the first and last assigned fiscal years; average is the arithmetic mean of available annual percentages, not a ratio of summed dollars. Fiscal years end September 30; transition years span administrations.
Source / context: Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables 1.1 and 10.1 (actual observations through FY 2025; source edition may change with future imports)
Federal outlays minus receipts divided by nominal GDP, expressed as a percentage. Positive means deficit and negative means surplus. Starting and ending use the first and last assigned fiscal years; average is the arithmetic mean of available annual percentages, not a ratio of summed dollars. Fiscal years end September 30; transition years span administrations.
Source / context: Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables 1.1 and 10.1 (actual observations through FY 2025; source edition may change with future imports)
Federal debt outstanding at the available boundary date; change is ending minus starting debt. Debt is a stock, not the sum of deficits. Earlier boundaries may use fiscal-year-end annual estimates.
Source / context: U.S. Treasury, Debt to the Penny / historical debt
Federal debt outstanding at the available boundary date; change is ending minus starting debt. Debt is a stock, not the sum of deficits. Earlier boundaries may use fiscal-year-end annual estimates.
Source / context: U.S. Treasury, Debt to the Penny / historical debt
Federal debt outstanding at the available boundary date; change is ending minus starting debt. Debt is a stock, not the sum of deficits. Earlier boundaries may use fiscal-year-end annual estimates.
Source / context: U.S. Treasury, Debt to the Penny / historical debt
Arithmetic average of available observations for this administration. Federal monthly unified budget deficit (positive) or surplus (negative), billions of nominal USD. Units: USD billions; frequency: monthly. The headline is the SUM of monthly deficit/surplus amounts, not their average. Source: MTS Table 1 current_month_dfct_sur_amt (positive deficit, negative surplus), converted to billions. One observation per calendar month, dated at month-end. The January inauguration month belongs to the incoming president. Figures are nominal, not inflation-adjusted. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Federal monthly unified budget deficit (positive) or surplus (negative), billions of nominal USD.
First available observation for this administration. Federal monthly unified budget deficit (positive) or surplus (negative), billions of nominal USD. Units: USD billions; frequency: monthly. The headline is the SUM of monthly deficit/surplus amounts, not their average. Source: MTS Table 1 current_month_dfct_sur_amt (positive deficit, negative surplus), converted to billions. One observation per calendar month, dated at month-end. The January inauguration month belongs to the incoming president. Figures are nominal, not inflation-adjusted. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Federal monthly unified budget deficit (positive) or surplus (negative), billions of nominal USD.
Last available observation for this administration. Federal monthly unified budget deficit (positive) or surplus (negative), billions of nominal USD. Units: USD billions; frequency: monthly. The headline is the SUM of monthly deficit/surplus amounts, not their average. Source: MTS Table 1 current_month_dfct_sur_amt (positive deficit, negative surplus), converted to billions. One observation per calendar month, dated at month-end. The January inauguration month belongs to the incoming president. Figures are nominal, not inflation-adjusted. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Federal monthly unified budget deficit (positive) or surplus (negative), billions of nominal USD.
Arithmetic average of available observations for this administration. Total federal debt outstanding, including debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings. Units: USD trillions; frequency: daily. Values are sourced from Treasury daily observations. Starting and ending presidential debt will use observations at administration boundaries. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Total federal debt outstanding, including debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings.
First available observation for this administration. Total federal debt outstanding, including debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings. Units: USD trillions; frequency: daily. Values are sourced from Treasury daily observations. Starting and ending presidential debt will use observations at administration boundaries. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Total federal debt outstanding, including debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings.
Last available observation for this administration. Total federal debt outstanding, including debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings. Units: USD trillions; frequency: daily. Values are sourced from Treasury daily observations. Starting and ending presidential debt will use observations at administration boundaries. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Total federal debt outstanding, including debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings.
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
Official DHS annual immigration measures. Removals, returns, permanent residence grants, and refugee admissions are different categories and must not be combined. Average annual figures divide by available fiscal years. Fiscal years are assigned by September 30, which is approximate for transitions.
Source / context: DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics
Source / context: Office of Management and Budget Historical Tables
Experimental recent multi-pollster approval snapshot for the ongoing administration, not directly comparable with historical Gallup whole-administration averages.
Source / context: Recent public polling; see methodology
Arithmetic average of available observations for this administration. Median annual household income in the United States, adjusted for inflation. Units: USD (inflation-adjusted); frequency: annual. Annual U.S. Census Bureau estimates. Values are adjusted for inflation to a common dollar year. Presidential comparisons use the latest available annual observation before an inauguration as the starting baseline and the latest available annual observation before the next inauguration as the ending value. Annual observations do not represent exact inauguration-day income. Current-administration values are provisional. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Median annual household income in the United States, adjusted for inflation.
First available observation for this administration. Median annual household income in the United States, adjusted for inflation. Units: USD (inflation-adjusted); frequency: annual. Annual U.S. Census Bureau estimates. Values are adjusted for inflation to a common dollar year. Presidential comparisons use the latest available annual observation before an inauguration as the starting baseline and the latest available annual observation before the next inauguration as the ending value. Annual observations do not represent exact inauguration-day income. Current-administration values are provisional. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Median annual household income in the United States, adjusted for inflation.
Last available observation for this administration. Median annual household income in the United States, adjusted for inflation. Units: USD (inflation-adjusted); frequency: annual. Annual U.S. Census Bureau estimates. Values are adjusted for inflation to a common dollar year. Presidential comparisons use the latest available annual observation before an inauguration as the starting baseline and the latest available annual observation before the next inauguration as the ending value. Annual observations do not represent exact inauguration-day income. Current-administration values are provisional. Observation coverage varies by administration.
Source / context: Median annual household income in the United States, adjusted for inflation.